Patent Litigation Proceedings Before Patent Offices and Courts

While patents and utility models already have a protective effect due to their publication (passive effect), so that other market participants can be aware of them and can respect their scope of protection, this is not always the case in reality.

It may then be necessary to actively enforce the protective effect against an infringer, whether initially out of court or ultimately through a patent infringement action. In many cases, however, the alleged infringer will not only attempt to argue against an existing infringement of intellectual property rights, but will also initiate proceedings directed against the validity of the intellectual property right patent before a competent Patent- and Trademark Office (PTO) or court.

Patent litigation proceedings therefore usually involve both an infringement dispute and a dispute about validity, whether in opposition proceedings before a PTO or in court proceedings, such as an action for revocation. Validity proceedings can also be initiated independently of an infringement dispute.